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The technology in the area of computer modeling and simulation is growing at a rapid pace. As computers become faster and more capable, new software provides greater capability. This progress in technology is of great bene t to design engineers and to the companies that employ them. This book is intended to show how to harness the capability of computer modeling and the simulation of power circuits. Why Simulate On more than one occasion, I have been asked (usually by my superiors) why there always seems to be a quest for newer, faster computers and software. Why are so many precious budget dollars requested for conferences and training seminars After giving this question a great deal of thought, I have the following conclusions: Simulation saves money. Design aws that are not detected until the production cycle may delay schedules and signi cantly increase production costs. Simulation is an aid to the early detection of these errors. Monte Carlo and worst-case simulations help to ensure maximum production yield. With the help of simulation, expensive parts and systems can be effectively debugged without the possibility of destroying them. Simulation saves time. Circuits can be simulated on a computer much more quickly than they can be built and evaluated. Simulation measures the immeasurable. Computer simulation allows engineers to evaluate a circuit with the worst-case values or dif cult environmental conditions. It would be quite a challenge to build a circuit that encompasses all worst-case component values, or

Figure 7-23 The pump laser in the upper left corner injects light at the opposite direction of the transmitted optical signal. Bottom right, an actual EDFA.

There are at least two other amplification techniques in addition to EDFAs that have recently come into favor. The first of these is called Raman amplification, which is similar to EDFA in the sense that it relies on Raman effects to do its task, but different for other rather substantial reasons. In Raman amplification, the signal beam travels down the fiber alongside a rather powerful pump beam, which excites atoms in the silica matrix that in turn emit photons that amplify the signal. The advantage of Raman amplification is that it requires no special doping: Erbium is not necessary. Instead, the silica itself gives off the necessary amplification. In this case, the fiber itself becomes the amplifier! Raman amplifiers require a significantly high-power pump beam (about a watt, although some systems have been able to reduce the required power to 750 mw or less) and even at high levels the power gain is relatively low. Their advantage, however, is that their induced gain is distributed across the entire optical span. Furthermore, it will operate within a relatively wide range of wavelengths, including 1,310 and 1,550 nm, currently the two most popular and effective transmission windows. Semiconductor lasers have also been deployed as optical amplification devices in some installations. In semiconductor optical amplifiers, the weakened optical signal is pumped into the ingress edge of a semiconductor optical amplifier. The active layer of the semiconductor substrate amplifies the signal and regenerates it on the other side. The primary downside to these devices is their size: They are small, and

Excessive growth rates always concern us when we value a company. It may be difficult for management, even as astute as Warren Buffett and Charlie Munger, to keep a company as large as Berkshire Hathaway growing at an 11-percent rate. Let s keep everything else the same from our last scenario, but reduce the growth rate assumption to 7 per-

to measure the effects of solar ares on circuit performance Simulation allows these types of conditions to be easily evaluated Simulation promotes safety Simulation allows the evaluation of fault conditions, which may be dangerous to human life Airline pilots spend a considerable amount of time simulating emergency conditions, of course, rather than practicing them About the SPICE Syntax Used in This Book This book assumes that you already have a working knowledge of SPICE, in particular PSpice from Cadence Design Systems If this is not the case, it is suggested that you review the manuals that accompany your SPICE program before proceeding A demonstration version of PSpice is available from Cadence Design Systems at wwworcadcom or wwwema-edacom The syntax used in this book is generally SPICE 2 or SPICE 3 based; however, several key PSpice extensions to the SPICE language are utilized in the modeling process.

Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website.

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cent. This is a rate with which we feel more comfortable, and one that will produce a more conservative valuation. What happens to intrinsic value if Berkshire s growth rate in the future averages 7 percent If we keep other inputs constant and plug 7 percent into the growth rate window of the general input screen (Exhibit 8-22), we see that Berkshire s intrinsic value is $63,028. This is 10 percent below the current price for Berkshire stock.