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please make your way to the exit. Shoppers begin to make their way to the doors, but some wander from store to store, window-shopping along the way, while others take a relatively straight route to the exit. The result is that some shoppers take longer than others to exit the mall because there are different modes. Now consider a mall that has a single, very narrow corridor that is only as wide as a person s shoulders. Now when the announcement comes, everyone heads for the exit, but they must form a single file line and head out in an orderly fashion. If you understand the difference between these two examples, you understand multimode vs. singlemode fiber. The first example represents multimode; the second represents single mode.

1 0.01

REITs essentially act as mutual funds for real estate, and shareholders own a proportionate interest in a portfolio of real estate properties. The market value of an REIT is directly related to the value of the underlying real estate and properties, and inversely related to interest rates. REITs are an easy way for investors to diversify their portfolio

The first of these examples was multimode fiber, which arrived in a variety of different forms. Multimode fiber bears this name because it allows more than a single mode or ray of light to be carried through the fiber simultaneously because of the relatively wide core diameter that characterizes the fiber. And while the dispersion that potentially results from this phenomenon can be a problem, there are advantages to the use of multimode fiber. For one thing, it is far easier to couple the relatively wide and forgiving end of a multimode fiber to a light source than that of the much narrower single-mode fiber. It is also significantly less expensive to manufacture (and purchase) and relies on LEDs and inexpensive receivers rather than the more expensive laser diodes and ultrasensitive receiver devices. However, advancements in technology have caused the use of multimode fiber to fall out of favor; single-mode fiber is far more commonly used today. Multimode fiber is manufactured in two forms: step-index fiber and graded-index fiber. We will examine each in turn.

In step-index fiber, the index of refraction of the core is slightly higher than the index of refraction of the cladding. Remember that the higher the refractive index, the slower the signal travels through the medium. Thus, in step-index fiber, any light that escapes into the cladding because it enters the core at too oblique an angle will actually travel slightly faster in the cladding (assuming it does not escape altogether) than it

The winding resistance is also dependent upon the shape of the current waveform. Figure 2.42 is an example of a three-layer winding with a symmetrical bipolar PWM current waveform. Note that all square wave duty cycles produce a result greater than a sine wave, which is also plotted for comparison. This is due to the harmonic content of the waveform. Also note that as the duty cycle (D) is varied from a square wave (D = 0.5) to a smaller duty cycle, the winding resistance rst decreases and then increases as it becomes quite large at low duty cycle values. This seemingly bizarre behavior is due to the changing harmonic spectrum as the duty cycle is modulated.

EXHIBIT 8-23

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would if it traveled in the core. Of course, any rays that are reflected repeatedly as they traverse the core also take longer to reach the receiver, resulting in a dispersed signal that causes problems for the receiver at the other end. Clearly, this phenomenon is undesirable; for that reason, graded-index fiber was developed.

Fr (Rac/Rdc)